Executive Summary:

The Scandinavian nations of Denmark, Norway, and Sweden have long been vital to advancing global health innovations across the world rooted in cultural norms and a regard for human rights and universal access to health care, especially for women and children. Scandinavian investments have improved health outcomes for women and children across Africa by promoting partnership, local capacity, and widespread medical innovations.

2025 saw a shift in the role of global Official Development Assistance (ODA) especially for health care financing across Africa. As the world continues to address these changes and the resulting impacts on beneficiary nations, the role of longtime leaders in global health resourcing is critical to continued impact. At the same time, this moment provides a window of opportunity for development innovation that faces the realistic implications of less donor funding and pushes beneficiary nations to finance their own commitments.

To discuss the issue, the ONE Campaign, in partnership with Leider and the Gates Foundation, developed a report outlining key drivers in the success of Scandinavian investments to advance global health outcomes, and explore their impact on health resilience, especially in Africa. Using evidence gathered from ONE data, external research,

and interviews with key Scandinavian and African stakeholders involved in global health assistance, the report discusses the evolution and key drivers of Scandinavian global health aid, showcases examples of successful aid impact and results from projects across Africa, and discusses ongoing global ODA challenges providing commentary on avenues for reform and innovation moving forward.

Interviewees of the report suggest four key findings:

1) Multilateral funding is a key driver in Scandinavian aid success, especially as the global health financing context becomes more constrained

2) Women’s health, SRHR and child health are seen as enduring areas of Scandinavian comparative advantage

3) Impact can be seen in large-scale population outcomes and more targeted, solution-driven contributions, rather than strict donor attributions

4) With less ODA available, aid must be used more selectively, without stepping back from proven life-saving interventions

Key tables:

Table 1: Global ODA funding – Denmark, Norway, Sweden 2019 – 2024 (bln US$) shown as ranking of top 20 ODA donors.

Table 2: Scandinavian contributions to Multilateral Global Health Initiatives 2019-2024