{"id":161380,"date":"2017-08-09T14:16:31","date_gmt":"2017-08-09T14:16:31","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.one.org\/us\/4-common-barriers-to-girls-schooling-and-how-to-overcome-them\/"},"modified":"2024-01-29T14:46:16","modified_gmt":"2024-01-29T14:46:16","slug":"girls-education-barriers","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.one.org\/us\/stories\/girls-education-barriers\/","title":{"rendered":"4 common barriers to girls\u2019 schooling\u2014and how to overcome them"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><em>By Rachel Glennerster, Executive Director, <\/em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.povertyactionlab.org\/\"><em>Abdul Latif Jameel Poverty Action Lab<\/em><\/a><em> (J-PAL)<\/em><\/p>\n<p>I\u2019ve worked for more than 13 years in rural Sierra Leone. In this time, I have watched a quiet revolution take place: education has become the norm. Few of the adults in the communities in which I work ever saw the inside of a school, yet nearly all of their children are enrolled in school.<\/p>\n<p>This is a remarkable transformation in the space of one generation, and Sierra Leone is far from unique: a similar pattern has been repeated across Africa and South Asia. But we cannot rest here. Worldwide, over 130 million girls are out of school. Many millions more do not attend school regularly, and fall further and further behind their school mates.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_137492\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"width: 603px\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-137492\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn.one.org\/us\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/08\/09093058\/claire-bernard-morocco-640x480.jpg\" alt=\"Girls outside their school in Morocco. (Photo: Claire Bernard | J-PAL\/IPA)\" width=\"593\" height=\"445\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-137492\" \/><\/p>\n<p id=\"caption-attachment-137492\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Girls outside their school in Morocco. (Photo: Claire Bernard | J-PAL\/IPA)<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>What can we do to make sure that every girl, wherever she lives, has the opportunity to learn? And what contribution can research make to this global challenge?<\/p>\n<p>Well-designed research can help us understand not just whether a particular program worked, but also \u2013 especially when we look across many studies \u2013 <em>why<\/em> something worked, what some of the underlying barriers to girls schooling are, and how to adapt this knowledge to new places. I lead the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.povertyactionlab.org\/\">Abdul Latif Jameel Poverty Action Lab<\/a> (J-PAL), a research center based at MIT that uses evidence from <a href=\"https:\/\/www.povertyactionlab.org\/research-resources\/introduction-evaluations\">randomized evaluations<\/a> of social programs \u2013 a rigorous way of assessing impact \u2013 to understand these dynamics and, in turn, to design better programs.<\/p>\n<p>We recently launched a major <a href=\"https:\/\/www.povertyactionlab.org\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/roll-call-getting-children-into-school.pdf\"><u>review<\/u><\/a> of the scientific literature on schooling. In the review, four common barriers to girls\u2019 education jumped out:<\/p>\n<h3><strong>Distance<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>Data shows that longer walks to school mean less schooling for all, but distance hurts teenage girls the most. Around the world, teenage girls find it hard to travel far to school \u2013 they may face community disapproval, get catcalls, not have enough time to travel given their chores, or be at serious risk of violence.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_137494\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"width: 603px\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-137494\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn.one.org\/us\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/08\/09093137\/vipin-awatramani-india-640x480.jpg\" alt=\"Girls and women at a school in India. (Photo: Vipin Awatramani | J-PAL\/IPA)\" width=\"593\" height=\"445\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-137494\" \/><\/p>\n<p id=\"caption-attachment-137494\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Girls and women at a school in India. (Photo: Vipin Awatramani | J-PAL\/IPA)<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>Research highlights some simple solutions \u2013 like <a href=\"https:\/\/www.povertyactionlab.org\/evaluation\/effect-village-based-schools-evidence-rct-afghanistan\">creating local community schools<\/a> in rural areas of Afghanistan and <a href=\"http:\/\/marginalrevolution.com\/marginalrevolution\/2015\/05\/triple-differencing-bikes-in-india.html\">giving girls bicycles<\/a> to reduce travel time in India.<\/p>\n<h3><strong>Cost<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>Even relatively small costs deter kids from going to school. Programs that pay for school fees, school uniforms, or provide small cash benefits, can make all the difference. In high-income countries, we tend to take it for granted that public schools are free, but that is not true for many of the world\u2019s poorest countries \u2013 especially at the secondary school level where annual school fees can be as much as one-third of annual income.<\/p>\n<p>Eliminating school fees can lead to large education gains. In Ghana, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.povertyactionlab.org\/evaluation\/returns-secondary-schooling-ghana\">giving scholarships<\/a> to those who could not afford school meant that many more children enrolled in school, and 26 percent more completed senior high school. Among teenage girls, the scholarships led to fewer girls marrying and having kids.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_137491\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"width: 603px\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-137491\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn.one.org\/us\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/08\/09093040\/aude-guerucci-kenya-640x432.jpg\" alt=\"Girls at a school in Kenya. (Photo: Alissa Fishbane | J-PAL\/IPA)\" width=\"593\" height=\"401\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-137491\" \/><\/p>\n<p id=\"caption-attachment-137491\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Girls at a school in Kenya. (Photo: Alissa Fishbane | J-PAL\/IPA)<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>Even small changes in costs can have important impacts. Paying for school <a href=\"https:\/\/www.povertyactionlab.org\/evaluation\/preventing-hiv-and-teen-pregnancy-kenya-roles-teacher-training-and-education-subsidies\">uniforms<\/a> in Kenya and school meals in Burkina Faso and <a href=\"http:\/\/www.journals.uchicago.edu\/doi\/abs\/10.1086\/666949\">Uganda\u00a0<\/a>helped increase girls\u2019 attendance and reduced dropout. This means that, for the sake of a few dollars for a school uniform, a girl can miss out on years of education, permanently changing the trajectory of her life.<\/p>\n<h3><b>Health<\/b><\/h3>\n<p>Costs aren\u2019t just financial. When a child is sick, attending school can take much more effort. Improving girls\u2019 health can make them more likely to attend, and learn more in school.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_137490\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"width: 603px\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-137490\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn.one.org\/us\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/08\/09093013\/alissa-fishbane-kenya-640x427.jpg\" alt=\"A deworming program in Kenya. (Photo: Alissa Fishbane | J-PAL\/IPA)\" width=\"593\" height=\"396\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-137490\" \/><\/p>\n<p id=\"caption-attachment-137490\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">A deworming program in Kenya. (Photo: Alissa Fishbane | J-PAL\/IPA)<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>When a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.povertyactionlab.org\/evaluation\/worms-work-long-run-impacts-child-health-gains-deworming-kenya\">school-based deworming program<\/a> in Kenya helped get rid of kids\u2019 intestinal parasites, girls missed fewer days of school, completed more schooling, and were more likely to pass the secondary school entrance exam.<\/p>\n<h3><strong>Misperceptions<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>Fostering realistic dreams can pay off. While the costs of school are immediate and clear, the benefits are far off and sometimes hard to see. Telling people about the good jobs that educated women can get, and about the availability of scholarships for further education, can motivate girls and their parents to invest more time and money in education.<\/p>\n<p>In India, holding information sessions on job opportunities for educated women, and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.povertyactionlab.org\/evaluation\/impact-female-leadership-aspirations-and-educational-attainment-teenage-girls-india\">reserving seats for female leaders<\/a> in village councils so that girls saw women role models, both increased girls\u2019 enrollment in school and changed girls\u2019 and parents\u2019 aspirations for the girls\u2019 futures. <strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_137493\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"width: 603px\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-137493\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn.one.org\/us\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/08\/09093118\/francisca-de-iruarrizaga-india-640x427.jpg\" alt=\"Girls in school in India. (Photo: Francisca de Iruarrizaga | J-PAL\/IPA)\" width=\"593\" height=\"396\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-137493\" \/><\/p>\n<p id=\"caption-attachment-137493\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Girls in school in India. (Photo: Francisca de Iruarrizaga | J-PAL\/IPA)<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>Student motivation can also be a powerful tool to improve girls\u2019 education outcomes. A program in Kenya that provided <a href=\"https:\/\/www.povertyactionlab.org\/evaluation\/incentives-learn-merit-based-girls-scholarship-program-kenya\">merit-based scholarships<\/a> to the top 15 percent of girls increased daily attendance and test scores for <em>all<\/em> girls, not just those who were already at the top of the class.<\/p>\n<p>Some of these ideas you may have heard before; others may be new. But the lessons above come from 58 high-quality randomized trials across 28 low- and middle- income countries in Africa, Asia, and Latin America. This knowledge represents the state of the art in rigorous evidence on how to address the global schooling challenge.<\/p>\n<p>Of course, not every program found to be effective in one place should be implemented in another \u2013 but these broad insights,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/ssir.org\/articles\/entry\/the_generalizability_puzzle\">when considered alongside local data and contexts<\/a>, can help inform the decisions of policymakers and others seeking to improve access to education and learning for all.<\/p>\n<p>Over the coming weeks, we will explore each of these 4 barriers to girls\u2019 education\u2014and the evidence on what worked to overcome them\u2014through a new J-PAL blog series. We hope you\u2019ll join us!<\/p>\n<p>See the full evidence synthesis <a href=\"https:\/\/www.povertyactionlab.org\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/roll-call-getting-children-into-school.pdf\"><u>here<\/u><\/a>, and learn more about J-PAL\u2019s work in education <a href=\"https:\/\/www.povertyactionlab.org\/education\">here<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p><em>Co-authored with Meagan Neal (Policy Associate, J-PAL Global).\u00a0<\/em><em>Have a question for us on how to break barriers to girls\u2019 schooling? Ask us on Twitter! Tweet your question @JPAL_Global using the hashtag #askJPAL<\/em><\/p>\n<div class=\"buffer\"><\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>By Rachel Glennerster, Executive Director, Abdul Latif Jameel Poverty Action Lab (J-PAL) I\u2019ve worked for more than 13 years in rural Sierra Leone. In this time, I have watched a quiet revolution take place: education has become the norm. Few of the adults in the communities in which I work ever saw the inside of [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":162172,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_relevanssi_hide_post":"","_relevanssi_hide_content":"","_relevanssi_pin_for_all":"","_relevanssi_pin_keywords":"","_relevanssi_unpin_keywords":"","_relevanssi_related_keywords":"","_relevanssi_related_include_ids":"","_relevanssi_related_exclude_ids":"","_relevanssi_related_no_append":"","_relevanssi_related_not_related":"","_relevanssi_related_posts":"162761,161621,161623,161625,161637,161640","_relevanssi_noindex_reason":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"topic":[69,46],"contributor":[68],"one_content_audience":[],"one_content_type":[],"one_content_tone":[],"class_list":["post-161380","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-uncategorized","topic-education","topic-girls-and-women","contributor-guest-blogger"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.1 (Yoast SEO v27.1.1) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>4 common barriers to girls\u2019 schooling\u2014and how to overcome them - ONE.org US<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Worldwide, over 130 million girls are out of school. 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