BBC: Pledge for more IMF help for poor
The French and British governments have announced a $4 billion (£2.5bn) allocation to the International Monetary Fund to help poorer countries. The money will go to the IMF’s new loan facility to help countries which do not have enough money to pay for imports as a result of the economic crisis. It will come from a $250bn (£157bn) allocation distributed a few weeks ago.
Reuters: World Bank to invest $215 million in African internet
The World Bank unveiled its $215 million Central African Backbone program on Tuesday, to bring reliable, high-speed, low-cost internet access to the region for the first time. Cameroon, Chad and the Central African Republic will take part in the initial $26.2 million phase, the World Bank said.
The Guardian: Carbon emissions will fall 3% due to recession, say world energy analysts
A cut in greenhouse gas emissions provides countries with a unique chance to switch to less carbon-intensive energy sources, says International Energy Agency.
Washington Post: Nations Cast Plan for Expanded IMF
The push to reinvent the International Monetary Fund took a significant step forward this week, with nations agreeing to a rough timetable to come up with plans to reform its governance and expand its role in the global economy. The agreements, reached during the IMF’s semiannual meeting in Istanbul that ends Wednesday, come as the mission of the 65-year-old Washington-based institution is re-examined in the wake of the global financial crisis.
Reuters: Trade slump hits poorest countries: study
The slump in world trade this year in the wake of the financial crisis has hit the poorest countries’ export earnings particularly hard as prices tumble and volumes stagnate, a study released on Tuesday showed.
The Guardian: Zimbabwe president Robert Mugabe calls for ‘friendly relations’ with west
The Zimbabwean president offered a rare olive branch to the west today, with a call for “fresh, friendly and co-operative relations” with former enemies. Robert Mugabe, subject to targeted sanctions by America and the EU, made the unusually conciliatory remarks in a speech at the opening of Zimbabwe’s parliament. But the opposition Movement for Democratic Change (MDC), which is in a power-sharing deal with Mugabe’s Zanu-PF party, played down the comments, saying that the president’s words were yet to be matched by deeds.
Forbes.com: Help Women, Help The World (Op-ed)
Two authors write in Forbes Magazine to emphasize how women must play a strategic role in development planning. The piece cites statistics from Girl Effect, a popular program for women interested in development.
Reuters: EU, Brazil pressure U.S. on Doha deadline
The European Union and Brazil are pressuring the United States today to set out its demands to conclude the Doha round of world trade talks in 2010 to boost dwindling world trade, a draft document showed. According to Reuters, who obtained a draft communique prepared for an EU-Brazil summit today, said a commitment by the world’s leading and developing economies to reach a deal next year “will be at risk” unless progress, such as the United States revealing its demands, is made soon.
CNN.com: Where have all the malaria patients gone? (Op-Ed, Tachi Yamada)
In an article for CNN’s Vital Signs medical blog, Tachi Yamada, President of the Global Health Program at the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, discusses how the island of Zanzibar has virtually eliminated the disease over the past five years. Yamada emphasizes that Zanzibar acts as a perfect “example of how, with political will, advice on planning, funds to purchase sound, scientifically validated tools, and the courage to measure results objectively, development assistance can have an enormous impact on preventable diseases such as malaria in a short period of time.”
New York Times: Contention Over Rankings of African Nations
Two independent ratings of Africa’s best and worst-governed nations — one released Monday, the other last week — both put Mauritius at the top of the heap and Somalia at the bottom and reached often similar, though far from identical, conclusions about the 51 countries in between. According to the New York Times, the reason behind the two lists this year is the result of a riff between partners, Mo Ibrahim and Harvard political scientist, Robert Rotberg, who parted ways this year over “who should have the final say.”
Reuters: Nations vow well-funded World Bank but no deal yet
Global finance and development ministers on Monday promised to ensure that the World Bank had enough resources to fight poverty and other threats facing developing countries. According to Reuters, the International Monetary Fund and World Bank’s Development Committee backed a proposal by the Group of 20 development and emerging nations to shift voting power in the World Bank by at least 3 percent to developing countries to give them more say in the global institution. The proposal emphasized that it was important to “move towards equitable voting power in the World Bank over time.”
New York Times: In Rural Africa, a Fertile Market for Mobile Phones
In an area where electricity is scarce and Internet connections virtually nonexistent, the mobile phone has revolutionized scientists’ ability to track this crop disease and communicate the latest scientific advances to remote farmers. According to the New York Times, Africa has the fastest-growing mobile phone market worldwide. Jon Gossier, founder and president of Appfrica, a technology company with headquarters in Uganda remarked that “The penetration of the mobile phone is far greater than that of the Internet in Africa, especially in rural areas, making it the most accessible communication tool.”
Reuters: African farmers suffer hardship as climate worsens
Testifying at the first pan-African climate hearings yesterday, farmers said that floods and droughts expected to worsen with climate change have already brought poor harvests and have heightened the risk for women of contracting HIV/AIDS as a result of having to turn to prostitution to support their families. The farmers’ stories will be relayed at December’s climate talks in Copenhagen, where Western countries and poorer nations are expected to adopt new carbon emission targets to curb global warming. Besides AIDS, experts also fear an increase in diseases such as malaria and cholera if temperatures continue rise.
-Robyn Mitchell
Reuters: African FinMins call for G20 voice, more support
African finance ministers, meeting in Istanbul this past week, called for their countries to have a voice in the Group of 20 nations to ensure the body considers their long-term development needs. Pledging to show fiscal prudence in the wake of the global financial crisis, they also said they needed more help from the IMF and World Bank to help “shore up battered budgets, make needed investments and replenish foreign currency reserves.”
The Guardian: G7 elite group makes way for G20 and emerging nations
Finance ministers from the G7 countries surrendered the dominance they have held for a quarter of a century over economic policy-making when the group decided to end regular set-piece gatherings this past weekend. With power shifting from the west to the bigger developing nations, the G7 agreed that from 2011 it would meet informally, and only when there was an issue of mutual interest. According to one G7 source, “the emergence of the G20 – which includes China, India, Brazil and other emerging nations – meant that the G7 had to change or face irrelevance.”
The Washington Post: Global Study Examines Toll Of Preterm Birth
In a new study by the World Health Organization and the March of Dimes, researchers found that about one in 10 babies are born prematurely around the world each year and more than one-quarter of the deaths that occur in the month after birth are the consequence of preterm birth. The numbers from the study, which will be followed by a country-by-country assessment next year, may actually be on the conservative side, according to a March of Dimes researcher, who said that the WHO did not look at women carrying multiples, who have a much greater risk of delivering early.
BBC News: Uganda’s misplaced health millions
The BBC explores the dire need for medical equipment in Uganda, highlighting the fact that many hospitals do not even have the most basic medical equipment. Although there are many factors that have contributed to this situation, aid organizations such as the Danish International Development Agency believe that African health ministries are often become over-burdened with the huge deliveries of medicine they receive, and therefore do not have the time, finances or manpower to distribute everything.
The Guardian: Britain asks World Bank to cut officialdom and speed up aid
According to British development secretary, Douglas Alexander, Britain will reject World Bank calls for extra cash to fight the global economic downturn unless it “cuts its bureaucracy and soft-pedals on the loan conditions imposed on poor countries.” Alexander said he was concerned by the drop in support to sub-Saharan Africa at a time when the world’s least developed region was being profoundly affected by the global recession. Britain is the biggest single donor to IDA and is concerned that money is not getting through to poorer countries quickly enough.
The New York Times: At Meeting, Pope Warns of Perils Facing Africa
Opening a month-long meeting in Rome that will be devoted to Africa, Pope Benedict XVI warned Sunday that the continent was at risk from materialism, nihilism and religious fundamentalism. With Catholicism growing rapidly in Africa, Benedict called Africa “a great spiritual lung” for the Catholic Church; however, he emphasized that development has also led to the “virus” of “religious fundamentalism, mixed with political and economic interests.”
Times Live: IMF hopeful on Africa
The International Monetary Fund (IMF) said that sharply increased trade with, and investment by, China and India raises hopes of a turnaround in the economic fortunes of Africa. According to IMF director for Africa Antoinette Sayeh, the global economic crisis has increased Africa’s debts but the deterioration has not yet reached levels that are of concern. “Trade numbers are not showing a significant recovery yet, but by next year we expect that they will be coming back,” Sayeh said.
-Robyn Mitchell
Reuters: Agriculture “largely ignored” in climate talks
Michael Zammit-Cutajar, chairman of the working group on financing for adaptation measures in developing countries said that “agriculture is in danger of being ignored” at the climate talks in Copenhagen in December.” However, while Zammit-Cutajar emphasized that it will be up to individual countries to decide what to do with their own agricultural sectors, he hinted that a European Union proposal for carbon trading by sector could be developed, which “might allow developing-world farmers to earn money while also reducing greenhouse gas emissions from their farming.”
Financial Times: The IMF has a new lease on life (Op-Ed)
As the International Monetary Fund and World Bank begin their annual meetings in Istanbul, the Financial Times highlights the valuable role that both institutions have played in helping to handle the financial crisis of 2007-09. According to the Times, G20 leaders called on the IMF to help with “the analysis of how our respective national or regional policy frameworks fit together,” effectively positioning the fund as the “intellectual linchpin and honest broker of a co-operative effort to achieve sustained and balanced global growth.”
TIME: Spotlight: AIDS Vaccine
TIME Magazine spotlights the first tangible results that emerged this week in the search for an immunization against HIV. However, as TIME journalist Alice Park writes, “success, especially in science, is relative,” emphasizing that the vaccine was only 31% effective at reducing the risk of HIV infection among the 16,000 healthy volunteers in the study. This number is nowhere near the “70%-to-80% rate that most public-health experts say is the minimum needed for an immunization to be judged worthwhile.”
The Economist: Global warming will make it harder to feed the world in 2050
In the one of the most comprehensive efforts to date, the International Food Policy Research Institute, a think-tank in Washington, DC, has reached some sobering conclusions about the effect of global climate change on the world’s farming communities. According to the study, “in parts of the developing world some crop yields in 2050 could be only half of their 2000 levels.” Furthermore, the hope that gainers from climate change will outweigh losers looks vain: the damage from higher temperatures and erratic rainfall will be too big.
The Monitor (Uganda): World Bank Calls for Balanced Global Growth
According to World Bank Group President Robert B. Zoellick, “the global economic crisis is contributing to shifts in power relations in the world that will impact currency markets, monetary policy, trade relations and the role of developing countries.” He therefore called upon world leaders to re-shape the multilateral system and forge responsible globalization, a shift which “would encourage balanced global growth and financial stability, embrace global efforts to counter climate change, and advance opportunity for the poorest nations.”
New York Times: U.S. Delays Somalia Aid, Fearing It Is Feeding Terrorists
According to the New York Times, American officials have been withholding millions of dollars in aid shipments to Somalia due to concerns that United Nations contractors may be funneling American donations to the Shabab, a Somali terrorist group with growing ties to Al Qaeda. While few aid officials believe that the American government will shut off assistance all together, especially when a punishing drought is sweeping across the region, at least $50 million in American aid has been delayed as talks continue.
The Economist: Look south
According to the Economist, the annual Ibrahim Index of African Governance has revealed some surprising results. Compiled by the Mo Ibrahim Foundation, the report measures overall progress in safety and the rule of law; participation and human rights; sustainable economic opportunity; and human developments. While African islands such as Mauritius are faring the best, the Arab northerner countries, often considered to be more developed than countries south of the Sahara, are lagging slightly behind. The countries that have slipped the most in this year’s report include Zimbabwe, Eritrea and Rwanda.
-Robyn Mitchell
Happy October! Here’s what we’re reading today:
Washington Post—Number of People Getting Lifesaving HIV Drugs Rises
More coverage today of yesterday’s UN report announcing that more than 4 million people worldwide living with HIV/AIDS in low- and middle-income countries are now on lifesaving antiretroviral drugs. The report found that at the end of 2008, 2.9 million Africans were on the lifesaving therapy, up by more than one-third from the previous year.
The Guardian—Cheap drugs could cut deaths in childbirth in Africa, say researchers
The lives of a third of the women who die in childbirth could be saved if cheap and common drugs were readily available in their villages, according to a paper published in one of the world’s top medical journals, the Lancet. In remote areas of sub-Saharan Africa, where the healthcare facilities are inadequate, badly stocked or too distant, thousands of lives could be saved if efforts were made to ensure the basic, cheap drugs were accessible, researchers say.
Christian Science Monitor—Act now to prevent future world hunger
The Christian Science Monitor editorializes that climate change will drastically reduce wheat and rice production if nations don’t take steps now to prepare, but solving this problem is doable. The paper backs the call for an additional $7 billion annually in adaptation aid to farmers until 2050, especially to small-scale farmers in South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa, which will be hardest hit by a changing climate.
Washington Post—IMF Sees Reason for Hope, Caution in World Economy
The world economy has “turned the corner” toward recovery, but substantial regulatory reform is needed to prevent a return to the edge of the abyss, the International Monetary Fund said Wednesday in its semi-annual report on global financial stability. In the five months since the IMF’s last stability report, “financial markets have rebounded, emerging market risks have eased, banks have raised capital and wholesale funding markets have reopened,” the report reads.
Huffington Post—At CGI and Beyond, World Leaders Say Girls Are the Key to Progress
Maria Eitel, president of the Nike Foundation, writes on the Huffington Post about the need to invest in women and girls in the developing world and how world leaders are increasingly coming to see women as an essential solution to global poverty. Eitel attended last week’s Clinton Global Initiative meeting, which focused on solutions for empowering women and girls in the developing world. (ONE was at CGI, too! Check out our reports from on the ground here.)
Financial Times: Not yet out of the Bretton Woods (Editorial)
A Financial Times editorial writes that the first order of business by G20 leaders who pledged to make the G20 “the premier forum” for coordinating policy for the global economy is to share power with emerging economies within the World Bank and International Monetary Fund. “The G20 countries should put their money where their mouths are. A good start is to give a real say to those (emerging economies) that the Bretton Woods institutions serve today.”
Reuters: WTO’s Lamy: give Doha negotiators more flexibility
World Trade Organization Director-General Pascal Lamy said Monday that G20 leaders must give their negotiators more flexibility to let them reach a global trade deal and conclude the long-running Doha round. The G20 leaders had backed an intensive program over the next three months to close the remaining gaps and then assess the possibility of wrapping up a deal next year. However, according to Lamy, renewed promises by leaders from the Group of 20 major economies to reach a deal “were not enough,” and that action must be taken.
Walta Info (Ethiopia): G-20 Summit brings attitudinal change towards Africa
Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi said the G-20 Summit in Pittsburgh has “reached consensus on ways of effecting the $20 billion pledge made by the G-8 summit in L’Aquila, Italy to address food insecurity in Africa.” Zenawi said the summit has accepted the request of Africans to get additional loans from the IMF which will help Africa to better deal with the global economic and financial crisis.
The Guardian: Copenhagen negotiating text: 200 pages to save the world?
Negotiators have released a 200-page draft version of a new global agreement on climate change, which is being discussed for the first time this week as officials from 190 countries gather in Bangkok for the latest round of UN talks. The draft text consolidates and reorders hundreds of changes demanded by countries to the previous version. It has no official status yet, and must be formally approved before negotiators can start to whittle it down.
The Washington Post: U.S. Envoy’s Outreach to Sudan Is Criticized as Naive
U.S. diplomacy with Sudan has remained mostly in the hands of Obama’s special envoy to Sudan, retired Air Force Maj. Gen. J. Scott Gration, who’s push toward normalized relations with the country has critics calling him, “dangerously, perhaps willfully, naïve.” However, some supporters, such as Eltyeb Hag Ateya, a Sudanese professor and critic of Bashir’s ruling party has said that Gration is “completely different” from previous envoys and has high hopes for further engagement in the future.
-Robyn Mitchell
The Washington Post: Why the U.S. Needs Africa (op-ed by Paul Kagame)
Rwandan President Paul Kagame writes that Africa and the United States may be on the verge of a new partnership, “not one of dependency and aid but one of shared ideas, vision and investments that increase our mutual prosperities.” But in order to begin this improved relationship, President Kagame writes that both countries must accept urgent and substantial changes in the nature of the bond.
Financial Times: G20 should address global challenges
Leaders of the Group of 20 nations meeting in Pittsburgh this week should set an ambitious agenda for “responsible globalisation” that links efforts to promote more balanced growth with financial stability, development and climate change, according to Robert Zoellick, World Bank president. Says Zoellick, “The challenge for the G20 is how do you sustain the momentum and cooperation they were able to achieve when staring into the abyss at the time of the London summit as the crisis wanes?”
The Guardian: IMF approves $13bn gold sale to aid poor states
The International Monetary Fund has approved a sale of 403 metric tons of gold reserves, roughly an eighth of the institution’s stockpile of the precious metal, in a move likely to raise $13bn of cash to replenish its coffers for lending to low-income countries hit by the global economic downturn. Among those pushing for the IMF to raise funds was Gordon Brown, who urged his counterparts to agree a sale at a meeting of G20 countries in London in April.
The Washington Post: Familiar Issues Vex Climate Pact
The meeting of the “Major Economies Forum on Energy and Climate” – which includes the world’s 17 biggest emitters of greenhouse gases – convened in Washington this week, marking the start of three weeks of negotiations that could help determine whether the international community can reach a meaningful agreement by the end of the year to curb climate change. The key issue that has dominated the talks but have yet to be resolved is determining an appropriate level of emissions cuts that both industrialized and major developing countries are willing to embrace.
The New York Times: So Much Food. So Much Hunger.
Despite the accomplishments of Norman Borlaug, the leader of the “green revolution” who died early last week, the total number of people who are hungry should exceed one billion this year for the first time, according to the United Nations. The reasons for this burgeoning problem are complex and “involve everything from American farm politics and African corruption to war, poverty, climate change and drought, which is now the single most common cause of food shortages on the planet.” But according to David Beckmann, president of the antihunger group Bread for the World, “political neglect,” is the primary cause of rising hunger in the world today.
-Robyn Mitchell
Reuters: Don’t leave poor behind, World Bank chief tells G20 (Lesley Wroughton)
World Bank President Robert Zoellick called on Group of 20 leaders to not leave the poorest countries behind after a new World Bank report indicated that more than 40 poor countries are still struggling to finance key needs such as health and education. This report came despite signs of recovery in some industrialized and emerging economies.
Wall Street Journal: G-20 Countries Urged to Aid Poor Nations
The WSJ also ran an article on the World Bank’s ask to not forget the poorer countries in preparation for the G20 next week, and includes additional information on remittances and the Doha round of trade talks.
Financial Times: G20 nations face call to agree on tackling global imbalances (Krishna Guha and Edward Luce)
The Obama administration is seeking to reach agreement to produce more balanced global growth and a process for ensuring that countries deliver on their commitments at next week’s Group of 20, but it is still unclear how far China and other trade surplus nations will be willing to go. Michael Froman, deputy national security adviser for international economics says, “We hope to reach agreement on a framework…for agreeing on how to address the imbalances that led to this crisis and on some process for holding each other accountable.”
New York Times: E.U. Seeks Global Agreement on Bonus Curbs
In a statement expected to be adopted at an extraordinary European Union meeting in Brussels on Thursday evening, European leaders, including French President Nicolas Sarkozy and German Chancellor Angela Merkel, called on G-20 members to stand by commitments made this month “to encourage sound risk management and a strong link between compensation and long term performance, while ensuring a level-playing field.”
Financial Times: A tax on finance to help the world’s poor (Op-Ed, Bernard Kouchner)
Bernard Kouchner, the French minister of foreign affairs and European affairs, writes in this morning’s Financial Times that to fund development, world leaders must think about introducing a voluntary contribution based on international financial transactions. Kouchner suggests innovative financing mechanisms as a means to help restore stability to the global economy, including proposals ranging from caps on bonuses to tools to combat speculation and the economic and social turmoil it creates.
Reuters: New approach could stop 6 mln African malaria cases
A third of malaria cases in African babies can be prevented by giving them regular doses of antimalarial drugs even before the children are infected, researchers said. Research into intermittent preventive treatment of malaria in infants (IPTi) found it helped children build better immunity to the disease and reduced the risk of the parasite becoming drug-resistant, but both of these benefits decrease if treatment is given continuously as a prophylaxis.
-Robyn Mitchell
Washington Post—Bono? Jesse Ventura? Mark Sanford? Why Not the Best? (op-ed)
The Obama administration has yet to announce a candidate to head the U.S. Agency for International Development. An op-ed in the Washington Post says that the international aid community is “so desperate for someone to run USAID” that top aid groups are holding their own poll to help find a candidate, listing 20 possibilities, including Colin Powell and Bill Gates.
The London Guardian—Oxfam: 4.5 million children at risk of aid ‘raids’ to pay for climate change
Humanitarian aid agency, Oxfam, warned today that at least 4.5 million children could die and tens of millions more could miss out on schooling if rich countries “raid” existing aid funding to pay for measures to help poor nations cope with climate change. The agency believes $50 billion a year is needed to help developing countries cope with the impacts of global warming.
Wall Street Journal—The Man Who Defused the ‘Population Bomb’ (op-ed by Gregg Easterbrook)
Norman Borlaug, who won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1970 for his work ending the India-Pakistan food shortage of the mid-1960s and spent most of his life teaching Green Revolution agricultural techniques to farmers in impoverished countries, died late Saturday at 95. Gregg Easterbrook writes in the Wall Street Journal of Borlaug’s life. “Often it is said America lacks heroes who can provide constructive examples to the young. Here was such a hero. Yet though streets and buildings are named for Norman Borlaug throughout the developing world, most Americans don’t even know his name.”
The New Times (Rwanda)—WFP to Purchase Food From Local Farmers
In Africa, the World Food Programme has initiated a food purchase programme, dubbed ‘Purchase for Progress,’ from farmers for a period of five years effective January 2010.The move is aimed at complementing government efforts to boost agricultural production and to improve farm incomes through market engagement. The program will ensure that farming in Africa is more productive, profitable, and sustainable in line with the Millennium Development Goals, the WFP says.
UN News—UN-backed partnership promises education for millions more African children
A United Nations-backed campaign to bring education to millions of children in Africa is expanding to reach millions more after exceeding its initial target by raising more than $50 million, the UN says. The Schools for Africa partnership, set up in 2004 by the UN Children’s Fund, the Nelson Mandela Foundation and the Hamburg Society to raise money to help over 4 million children in Africa, signed a memorandum of understanding on the expansion in New York today.
-Robyn Mitchell
Robyn Mitchell—a great new intern in our Washington D.C office—will be putting together our “What We’re Reading” posts to keep everyone updated on what’s going on in the news related to the fight against global poverty and disease. She’ll be combing through all types of newspapers and websites from around the world to find important and interesting articles. It’s not an easy job, and we’re grateful for all Robyn’s hard work. Here’s her first compilation. Welcome Robyn!
-Steve Wilson
AP–Obama to meet African leaders at UN
President Obama will host a lunch for leaders from sub-Saharan Africa during next week’s ministerial meeting of the U.N. General Assembly to promote economic and social development, the U.S. ambassador announced Monday.
BBC—WFP to shut Somalia food centres
The World Food Programme (WFP) is closing 12 feeding centres for mothers and children in Somalia. The WFP says it has simply run out of money and now has to make cuts. The decision has been made despite the ongoing crisis in Somalia, and the WFP says the reductions are now hitting people across east Africa.
NY Times — Sickle-Cell Anemia: Vaccines in Wealthy Countries May Save Lives of Children in Africa, Study Suggests
A new study suggests that new antibacterial vaccines used in the wealthy world could save the lives of many African children. The study, published last week in a British journal, showed that invasive bacteria were an important cause of African children’s deaths and that many of the bacteria were the same kinds that affect children in wealthy countries, which have vaccines against them.
Reuters—S.Africa will miss AIDS drug roll-out target
South Africa will not meet a target of providing life-prolonging drugs to 80 percent of HIV/AIDS sufferers by 2011 due to logistical problems and a lack of personnel, Health Minister Aaron Motsoaledi said on Tuesday.
Ethiopian Review—Doha trade talks resume in Geneva
Trade talks resumed in World Trade Organization headquarters at Geneva yesterday, 10 days after 30 ministers broke the impasse on Doha negotiations. Senior officials from key nations began their preliminary discussions, mainly on the contentious issues relating to the farm subsidies in rich nations and livelihood concerns of farmers in developing countries.
Ghana News Agency–More than 60 countries form new global alliance to increase access to financial services
Nearly 100 central bankers and other financial policymakers gathered in Nairobi yesterday for the official launch of the Alliance for Financial Inclusion, a coalition of countries from the developing world committed to making savings accounts, insurance, and other financial services available to millions of people living on less than $2 a day.
-Robyn Mitchell
The International ONE Blog is a daily log of the anti-poverty movement. The site is operated by ONE staff, with guest contributions from ONE volunteers, members and allies.
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