Governance and Security

The African Charter on Democracy, Elections and Governance – you better take it seriously!

Feb 1st, 2012 4:28 PM UTC
By Friederike Röder

In three weeks, the African Charter on Democracy, Elections and Governance will enter into force. The Charter was adopted by the African Union (AU) five years ago. Now that fifteen member states have ratified it, the Charter becomes legally binding and operational. Guinea-Bissau, Nigeria and Cameroon were the 13^th, 14^th and 15^th countries to ratify the Charter. Why should we bother about this document? A Charter that was ratified in majority by countries that don’t lead by example in terms of good governance; a Charter that might be just another paper tiger without any teeths; one of a range of legal documents that don’t change anything about the real lives of African citizens?

Not quite.

The African Charter actually doesn’t contain many new elements. But, much more important, it summarizes and reconfirms existing African engagements on good governance that the continent’s leaders have taken over the last thirty years or so. And the Charter takes them a step further, in operationalizing their implementation. So instead of adding to the pile, it tries to rationalize the African good governance architecture and improve its translation into reality.

Though the African Charter doesn’t reinvent the wheel, it still is a leading international convention in terms of good governance. First of all because the principles of the AU, which are enshrined by the Charter, are very far-reaching. For instance the AU has the right to take action in case of an unconstitutional change of government in one of its member states. Second, because the Charter is the only international convention that dares to take up the sensitive issue of democracy, while other treaties prefer sticking to human rights principles or anti-corruption measures.

The African Charter has already proved to be a useful tool. One of the first countries to ratify was Mauritania – just before a coup hit the country. In order to negotiate the return to constitutional order, the AU took the Charter as reference point. At that moment, the Charter was strictly speaking not yet legally applicable because it had not entered into force, but this didn’t matter as Mauritania had endorsed it. As this example suggests, the fact that the Charter has been ratified by some not-so-democratic countries is an encouraging sign, rather than simply a basis for criticism. These are the countries that potentially will need the Charter and in which this legal document could make a difference.

Last but not least, the process of the Charter itself should be acknowledged. After having been adopted by the AU in 2007, only four countries had ratified it after more than four years! So the Charter was at risk of disappearing before even having really entered the stage. The Pan-African Parliament took on this challenge. This Parliament, also called the PAP, is the equivalent of the European Parliament, but with some small differences: the African body has around 50 employees, the EU parliament 6000. The European Union parliamentarians have an official role in decision-making, the African Union parliamentarians are still limited to a consultative role. Knowing its limits, the Parliament partnered with civil society and launched a campaign called “11 before 2011” in order to get to 15 ratifications, the number needed for the Charter to enter into force. It took a lot of lobbying, several regional conferences, a documentary on TV, outreach to student activists in several countries and a year longer than initially planned, but now the campaign has reached its goal. Congratulations! Though this is not where the work ends: now the goal is to have the rest of the 53 AU member states ratify the Charter!

The 2011 Ibrahim Index: Citizens at the centre of governance?

Oct 11th, 2011 4:25 PM UTC
By Suzane Muhereza

The Mo Ibrahim Foundation works to encourage good governance and leadership in Africa and to put citizens at the centre of governance. The Foundation considers governance to be the single most important issue affecting development in Africa. In an article in the New Yorker, Mo Ibrahim, the Foundation’s founder and ONE board member, puts the blame for the disparity between the riches of Africa and the poverty of many of its people squarely at the door of Africa’s leaders. He cites “a catastrophic failure of leadership and governance…too many dictators, too many megalomaniacs, too many thieves, who bled this continent for their personal and family interest.” Ibrahim’s message is that Africa needs to take responsibility for itself and that getting rid of bad leaders is an important first step.

Mo Ibrahim is often hailed as a hero in Africa. His mobile-phone company, Celtel, has helped to open up communication across the continent, enabling people – civil society activists included – to access and share information. He is now spending the money he earned to try to change the values of African leaders. Each year, he offers the Ibrahim Prize, which bestows five million dollars on an African leader who is elected to office, promotes democracy, does not steal from the people, and transfers power peacefully. The Prize is intended to reward and perhaps to incentivize good leadership. The prize has previously been won by Festus Mogae of Botswana and Joaquim Chissano of Mozambique. Due to a lack of suitable candidates the prize was not awarded in 2009 and 2010. The 2011 Ibrahim Prize winner is Pedro Verona Pires, former president of Cape Verde. He is credited with steering his country from autocracy to a prosperous democracy and leaving power at the end of his second presidential term. Cape Verde has consistently ranked second on the Ibrahim Index over the past four years.

With citizen revolts in Tunisia, Egypt, and Libya, Africa is undergoing perhaps its greatest political upheaval since the end of colonialism. The release of the Ibrahim Index of African Governance assessing and ranking the performance of Africa’s fifty-three governments has come at a fitting time. The index uses eighty six indicators to measure governance in four broad categories – Safety and Rule of Law, Participation and Human rights, Sustainable Economic Opportunity and Human Development. This information is then compiled into an overall score for each country, running from 0 to 100, with 100 being best. The idea of the Ibrahim Index is to empower African citizens with the information that they need to assess and compare – amongst countries and over time – the performance of their governments and leaders.

Key Findings of the 2011 index: It’s a question of balance

The fifth annual Ibrahim Index of African Governance argues persuasively that a balanced, equitable and inclusive approach to governance is the foundation for the development outcomes that really matter; helping to ensure that families can put food on the table, that children can go to school, that there is quality health care, that women can walk the streets safely, and that people are free to participate in the decisions that affect their lives. The 2011 report illustrates that most African countries across the continent have improved in both Sustainable Economic Opportunity and Human Development. Countries that practise a balanced approach to all aspects of governance have achieved the most success. Over the last five years, Mauritius, Cape Verde, Botswana, Seychelles and South Africa – the countries that have consistently ranked in the top five for overall governance performance – have performed highly in all four categories. Similarly, countries that have improved significantly over this period have improved evenly in all four categories.

However the general trend in Africa, similar to last year’s findings, is one of imbalance. The majority of countries have regressed in Safety and Rule of Law and Participation and Human Rights. In the 2011 Index report, Ibrahim warns that “if economic progress is not translated into better quality of life and respect for citizens’ rights, we will witness more Tahrir Squares in Africa.” He adds that the rise of civil society seen in the Afro-Arab spring is irreversible and African leaders should not assume that economic development is a substitute for personal freedom and citizen participation. Other interesting findings over the past five years include:

• The top three performers for 2011 are Mauritius 82.5, Cape Verde 79.0 and Botswana 76.1. The bottom three performers are Zimbabwe 30.9, Chad 30.6 and Somalia 7.9.
• The top three improvers are Liberia which improved in Safety and Rule of Law, Participation and Human Rights and Sustainable Economic Opportunity, Sierra Leone showed improvement in Safety and Rule of Law and Sustainable Economic Opportunity and Egypt which showed great improvement in Sustainable Economic Opportunity.
• Countries seeing the most slippage include Madagascar which dropped by -11.6 overall, and Comoros and Guinea-Bissau which both dropped by -3.4. Somalia has consistently scored poorly on the index dropping from a score of 11 to 8 since 2005.
• The two countries emerging from lengthy civil conflicts – Liberia and Sierra Leone – have shown the most striking improvements over the past five years. This has been achieved through even progress across all four categories, building on strong new leadership – particularly in Liberia where President Ellen Sirleaf Johnson was recently awarded the 2011 Nobel Prize for her peace building and leadership efforts.
• Egypt and Tunisia both rank in the top ten for overall governance quality. This is driven by strong performances in Human Development, and to a lesser extent Sustainable Economic Opportunity. However, both countries perform particularly poorly in Participation and Human Rights. The ability of citizens to freely participate in the political process is in itself a measure of the legitimacy of government. A healthy and educated population that perceives itself not to have access to political information and whose rights are likely to be abused by the state may turn to violence to make themselves heard.
• Libya is ranked in the bottom half of the Index in 2010. Similarly to Egypt and Tunisia, Libya shows imbalance in performance between Human Development and Participation and Human Rights. In Libya’s case the imbalance is extreme with the country ranking in the top five for Human Development and in the bottom three for Participation and Human Rights.

Overall, the 2011 Index report shows that African governments will have to adjust the ways in which they engage with citizens by being inclusive and transparent about resource allocation, creating concrete, viable opportunities for Africa’s growing youth population, and encouraging full civic participation of the wider population. International partners should increase their focus and support for the efforts of African citizens and governments to move forward with governance in a balanced, equitable and inclusive manner. Alongside our work to hold governments in the developed world to account for their commitments, ONE intends to build on its existing work on extractives transparency, putting the transparency and accountability agenda central to what we do.

Famine, politics and governance

Aug 4th, 2011 6:00 PM UTC
By Alan Hudson

Famines don’t happen in democracies because political leaders have an incentive to ensure that their citizens don’t go hungry; they need their votes. That’s the argument put forward by Nobel Prize-winning economist Amartya Sen in his 1981 book on “Poverty and famines.” The current crisis in the Horn of Africa seems to lend weight to Sen’s argument –- and to the argument that famine is a crime -– demonstrating that droughts only turn into famines when they take place against a background of bad politics and governance.

Estimated food security conditions in Somalia, August to September 2011. Source: FEWSNET

In Somalia, a total lack of effective governance has undermined the resilience of communities, destroying their ability to cope with the drought. Few would argue that governance is anywhere near ideal in northeastern Kenya or southeastern Ethiopia. Indeed, both regions are politically marginal and arguably marginalized by the governments in Nairobi and Addis Ababa respectively. But, in part as a result of initiatives that those countries’ governments have taken, with the strong support of international donors, the food shortages –- serious as they undoubtedly are -– are not currently at the famine proportions seen in Somalia.

ONE is not in the business of proposing political solutions for problems that it cannot claim to understand. But governance is clearly key. In Somalia, efforts to support a top-down political solution, with the Transitional Federal Government at the core, have not been effective. And famine stalks the land. In contrast, to the north of Somalia, the self-declared sovereign state of Somaliland has successfully crafted its own local governance arrangements, and has avoided the worst of the food crisis. It may be time for the international community to think beyond top-down political solutions.

Rather than seeking to support an effective central state which rules the whole of Somalia from Mogadishu, it may be more fruitful to promote bottom-up locally-driven approaches to governance, “supporting governance at the level where it is accountable and legitimate” as Peter Pham of the Atlantic Council put it in a testimony to the US House of Representatives. With more effective and accountable home-grown governance arrangements, rulers would have more incentives to respond to the needs of the people and to prevent them going hungry.

This blog post presents a personal view and is intended to stimulate discussion. It does not represent ONE’s official position.

Opening budgets and governments to turbo-charge accountability

Jul 14th, 2011 11:00 AM UTC
By Alan Hudson

Transparency and accountability is the name of the game for ONE colleagues in Washington DC this week, with a two-day meeting on opening government followed by a two-day meeting on budget transparency.

Monday and Tuesday saw a meeting of the Open Government Partnership (OGP). The OGP aims to promote transparency, participation and accountability in order to combat corruption, promote prosperity, harness innovation and improve the delivery of services.

Co-chaired by US Secretary of State Clinton and Brazilian Foreign Minister Antonio Patriota, the meeting brought together ministers from 60 countries along with 40 civil society organizations -– including, of course, ONE -– to prepare for the formal launch of the OGP at the UN General Assembly in September 2011 at which countries will announce their action plans for opening government. (This excellent publication on Opening Governments by the Transparency & Accountability Initiative includes some wonderful ideas for country action plans.)

Wednesday and Thursday see the first meeting of the Steering Committee of the Global Initiative on Fiscal Transparency. This initiative, under the expert guidance of the International Budget Partnership, is a close cousin of the Open Government Partnership. It brings together representatives from governments, the World Bank, the IMF and leading civil society organizations (yes, including ONE) to kick-start a global process to improve transparency, engagement and accountability around budget processes.

Both initiatives come at the perfect time; a time of great opportunity for transparency and accountability and a time at which southern governments such as Brazil, Indonesia, Mexico, the Philippines and South Africa are taking the lead. ONE will be closely engaged, pushing to ensure that these initiatives fulfill their potential, turbo-charging accountability by empowering people with information.

Follow Alan on Twitter: @AlanHudson1

Information is Power: Kenya leads the way on open data

Jul 12th, 2011 10:35 AM UTC
By Alan Hudson

Last Friday, Kenya’s President Mwai Kibaki launched the Kenya Open Data Initiative. Developed under the leadership of Dr. Bitange Ndemo, the permanent secretary of information and communications — with support from Google, the World Bank’s Mapping for Results team, Socrata, Nairobi’s iHub, Ushahidi and others — the Open Data Initiative makes available a large number of data-sets about population, poverty, education, energy, health and water and sanitation.

Screenshot of a water and sanitation map on the Kenya Open Data website

A user-friendly interface enables citizens to analyze the data, create maps and graphs, and –- perhaps most importantly -– to see how their county or constituency fares in comparison with others. So, for instance, a user can go here to find information about where health facilities are, what the level of health spending is in each county, what the relationship is between illness rates and health spending, and what the relationship is between health spending and poverty. By providing the users of services with this information, the open data initiative empowers those users –- who are also voters -– to demand accountability from service providers and politicians, asking “how come health services are so much worse here?” As Dr. Bitange Ndemo put it: “Information is power and we are aiming to empower citizens by enhancing their access to usable data that was not accessible easily to the public.”

The Government of Kenya has –- through the Kenya ICT Board — launched a competition to stimulate ideas about how to make use of the data made available, but already a number of exciting ideas are coming on stream through the Community Applications section of the Initiative. Ushahidi has mashed up the data with information on service delivery. Virtual Kenya has mapped the location of MPs who refuse to pay their taxes. And the iHub Community has developed an application which will track the use of Constituency Development Funds and enable citizens to report about whether funds have been used effectively, using an application called “Msema Kweli” (Tell the Truth).

Open data is a key step on the road to open, increasingly democratic, development. As Kenya’s experiment with open data proceeds, we at ONE will be watching enthusiastically, hoping to see the country’s draft Freedom of Information Bill become law, and encouraging other countries to follow Kenya’s lead, empowering people with the information they need to hold their governments to account.

For great reporting of the launch of the Kenya Open Data Initiative see here (White African’s blog) and here (Daily Nation). And see here for a video interview on the initiative with Dr. Bitange Ndemo.

Follow Alan on Twitter at @alanhudson1

Turbo-charging accountability

May 23rd, 2011 1:23 PM UTC
By Dr Sipho Moyo

If governments and leaders are not accountable to their citizens, resources will be squandered, services such as health and education will not be delivered effectively, businesses will not thrive, civil society will not flourish and conflict-affected countries will remain stuck in repeated cycles of violence and instability. For development to be sustainable, people need to be able to hold their governments to account to demand that they make good use of revenues, including aid, taxes and the proceeds of oil, minerals and other natural resources.

This video, the first in a series of videos produced as part of ONE’s Profiles and Perspectives Project was shot in Johannesburg as part of ONE’s Africa Symposium. In it, some of the brightest minds in business, civil society and academia explain how people are asserting their power, using information and new technologies to hold their governments to account.

African-led civil society organisations such as SEND – the winner of ONE’s 2010 Africa Award – play an important role in empowering local people to hold decision-makers to account, so that health, education and other services are improved. Technologies such as mobile phones, the internet and social media – in combination with traditional media such as newspapers, radio and television – are enhancing access to information and turbo-charging demands for accountability. Greater transparency and information technologies have the potential to transform the landscape of power, empowering people to raise their voices, to provide feedback, to hold their governments to account and to drive faster progress on poverty reduction and economic development.

From Kenya to Nigeria, from Cairo to Cape Town, in urban and rural areas, Africans are leading the way, using new technologies to transform the landscape of power. Ushahidi – meaning testimony in Swahili – is a great example. Born out of the post-election violence in Kenya, and bringing together African entrepreneurs, techno-whizzes, and civil society activists, the crowd-sourcing platform is now piloting an approach in which people use cell-phones to provide feedback on health and education services. Twaweza, an organisation that is about spreading information and sparking conversations that lead to change is another great example. This is about “citizens making stuff happen” as Twaweza puts it. Not donors. Not just governments. Not just NGOs. Not just the private sector. But people. Technology is not a silver bullet. Bad politics still constrains development. But in Africa as elsewhere, accountability, turbo-charged by transparency and technology, is on the move!

Building on its traditional focus on smart aid and its ongoing work on natural resource governance and transparency ONE is looking to promote an agenda on governance, transparency and accountability that responds to African priorities. We think that ONE can help to promote effective, transparent and accountable governance in three ways:

• First, by working at a global level – helping to promote transparency around oil and mineral revenues, working with others such as the International Budget Partnership to promote budget transparency and accountability, urging donors to be more transparent about the aid that they provide, and engaging with the Transparency and Accountability Initiative;
• Second, by supporting African organisations such as Twaweza, Ushahidi, SEND and countless other organisations that have the expertise and local knowledge needed to navigate and transform local landscapes of power and respond to local needs; and
• Third, by helping to make the connections between the global and the local, so that, for instance, countries such as Ghana, Uganda and Sudan can reap the benefits from rules set in Washington, Brussels or Beijing that aim to enhance transparency about oil and mineral revenues.

Transparency and accountability around aid, budgets and natural resource governance – and citizens’ monitoring of service delivery, for instance in relation to health and education – are current front-runners in terms of specific issues and campaigns that ONE might focus on. But we are keen to hear from you. What are the issues that matter to you? What are you doing to demand accountability? What successes have you had and what challenges have you faced? And what can ONE do to support your demands for accountability? We’re really keen to get your feedback, so please add your comments below.

Dr. Sipho Moyo and Dr. Alan Hudson

Nigeria elections update

Apr 5th, 2011 2:47 PM UTC
By Edith Jibunoh

The Nigerian elections were scheduled to commence on Saturday, April 2nd with the parliamentary elections preceding the April 9th presidential elections and the April 16th gubernatorial elections.

The elections started hours late and after millions of people successfully cast their votes, the Independent National Electoral Commission (INEC) issued a directive to all wards to stop voting. The official reason stated for postponing the elections was said to be a delay in getting the ballot papers to all the wards, especially in remote areas of the country, because of their late arrival into the country.

Saturday April 4th (along with the next few Saturdays) had been declared curfew days in order to try to maintain security and curtail electoral fraud; in the past, ballot boxes have mysteriously disappeared from polling stations. With fewer cars on the road, INEC felt they would have more control of the voting outcomes. This also brought the country to a standstill over the weekend as most people were confined to their homes and walked to their nearest voting wards.

The initial directive stated that the new dates for parliamentary elections would be April 4th, but late on April 3rd, news started filtering in announcing that the election schedule had been re-calibrated and would instead commence on April 9th (parliament), April 16th (presidential) and April 26th (gubernatorial). Some of the questions that trail this disastrous start to the elections is what is to become of the voting papers that registered the votes of millions of people on Saturday April 2nd? Can INEC ensure that this papers will not be used by any party to manipulate voting outcomes when they do in fact begin?

The Head of INEC, Professor Attahiru Jega, came into the job with an impeccable reputation and most feel he will do his best to implement credible elections. This remains to be seen as the next few weeks will reveal more.

These elections have started out peaceful but rocky. Despite outbreaks of violence in a few wards, in most areas, voting was orderly and surprisingly calm despite the long lines and the delays while people waited for voting to commence. As long as there are no indications of manipulation favoring one party over another, it is in fact possible that these elections will be successful and free of violence.

French court boosts the fight against corruption

Nov 11th, 2010 2:35 PM UTC
By Guillaume Grosso

Ill-gotten gains never prosper; except, it would seem, when falling into the hands of leaders of the some of the world’s poorest countries. It is estimated that the fortune misappropriated by some leaders in recent decades represents at least 100 billion dollars. Perhaps even 1,000 billion, according to the former head of the IMF, Michel Camdessus: money that could be used for the development of those countries who need it most.

The scourge appears to be even worse in countries with abundant mineral resources, petroleum and gas. In oil-rich Equatorial Guinea, for example, the GNP per capita is around 30,000 dollars, 10 times more than the average in Africa and almost as much as in country such as France. Yet, according to a World Bank study, 77% of the population live below the poverty line; and the African Development Bank assesses the maternal mortality rate to be among one of the highest in the world.

The looting organised by corrupt elites can be seen put to use in their lavish lifestyles, with luxury villas on the Côte d’Azur, limousines and expensive jewellery. In an attempt to bring an end to such practices the non-profit organisations Transparency International and Sherpa lodged a complaint in 2008 regarding the conditions under which very sizeable amounts of moveable and immovable assets were purchased in France by the Heads of State of the Congo, Gabon and Equatorial Guinea, as well as by members of their entourages.

The complaint was quickly blocked by the Paris Court of Appeal, which declared it inadmissible. But earlier this week, following months of uncertainty, the Court of Cassation finally ruled the complaint admissible, meaning that justice may now finally be done.

Good news is sometimes hard to come by, and so it’s with great pleasure that I’m able to share this news with you. It’s a wonderful victory for all of those men and women who believe that together we can build a fairer world.

Securing sustainable development outcomes through good governance and transparency

Oct 27th, 2010 10:27 AM UTC
By Dr Sipho Moyo

Dr. Sipho Moyo, ONE’s Africa director, wrote this blog post for Transparency International (TI) to help illustrate how public sector corruption makes an impact on development. To view the original post, go to TI’s blog.

At ONE we are enhancing our aid advocacy work by highlighting attention on issues of good governance and transparency as being key elements to achieving sustainable development outcomes, including better service delivery across sectors like health, education, and better management of natural resource revenues, as well as more efficient investment in infrastructure for growth – energy, water, roads etc.

Our take at ONE is that transparency is a cornerstone of good governance as it allows citizens everywhere to hold institutions and governments accountable for their policies and performance, and thus fosters trust and helps to minimize corruption. That is why we support the emerging global governance initiatives which seek to partner with donor agencies, civil society, and governments for better development outcomes – such as the Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative (EITI), the Construction Sector Transparency Initiative (CoST) and the Stolen Assets Recovery (StAR) initiative.

In further acknowledging transparency and governance as global concerns we at ONE are proud to have been part of the advocacy coalition behind the success of the critical Lugar-Cardin oil revenue transparency amendment tucked into the recent US Financial reform legislation. This requires extractive companies listed on the US stock exchange to disclose to the Securities and Exchange Commission all payments made to foreign governments of the countries in which they operate. This increased transparency will help to reverse the “resource curse”, which has become shorthand for the corruption, conflict and poverty that is too often associated with natural resource-rich countries. Shining light on the payments made by multinational companies will empower African civil society to hold their governments to account for revenue received – an important step in ensuring resources benefit all citizens, not just corrupt elites. We are now rolling this campaign out in the UK and Europe, which will force companies trading in those countries to be more transparent and thus have a direct, positive impact on economic growth.

The 2010 Ibrahim Index, Africa’s leading governance assessment, reveals a mixed picture about recent progress across the continent. While many Africans are healthier and have greater access to economic opportunities than five years ago, many are less physically secure and more politically disenfranchised. The index highlights both the areas of progress and the setbacks in governance, and points to the need to pay attention to the rights and safety of citizens if Africa must continue to make progress along a sustainable growth and poverty reduction path.

As we heighten emphasis on results we also believe that increased assistance should be given to core public sector institutions in developing countries for improving their capacity, efficiency, transparency, and accountability in key functions like budget formulation, implementation, oversight and procurement management. This will result in higher quality service delivery particularly as the role of parliaments, judiciary, audit agencies, civil society and media becomes more important.

Ultimately better governance helps fight poverty, improves living standards and raises development outcomes. With improved governance, infant and maternal mortality will decline significantly as resources allocated to health service delivery are fully deployed as intended. The same is true for improving education and boosting GDP. Furthermore, good governance has been found to significantly enhance aid effectiveness. Transparency lies at the heart of much of this, and will continue to be a core principle for ONE’s advocacy work across the world.

2010 Ibrahim Index shows a ‘mixed picture’ of African governance

Oct 5th, 2010 10:52 PM UTC
By Malaka Gharib

Yesterday, the Mo Ibrahim Foundation — Mo Ibrahim’s organization to support good governance and leadership in Africa — released its annual “Ibrahim Index,” which ranks 53 African countries by 88 indicators such as safety, rule of law, participation and human rights.

This year’s report shows that progress across these indicators has been mixed. Between 2004 and 2009, 41 nations saw an improvement in economic opportunities, and 44 countries posted higher scores in the health and welfare category — but two-thirds of countries registered a declining performance in human rights. And Africa’s average index — which goes from 0 to 100 — ranks at 49, not much different from the years before.

According to Mo Ibrahim, “The 2010 Ibrahim Index gives us a mixed picture about recent progress on governance across the continent. While many African citizens are becoming healthier and have greater access to economic opportunities than five years ago, many of them are less physically secure and less politically enfranchised.”

Read more on the report in BBC News, Business Daily Africa and Reuters . And be sure to keep an eye out for our in-depth analysis of the report later this week. The full report can be found on the Mo Ibrahim Foundation website.